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Everything about Beijing totally explained tititititiiiiiis!
Beijing ( Chinese: ; pinyin: Běijīng; Wade-Giles: Peiching or Pei3-ching1; ; Chinese Postal Map Romanization: Peking; ), a metropolis in northern China, is the capital of the People's Republic of China (PRC). It is also known in English as Peking . Beijing is also one of the four municipalities of the PRC, which are equivalent to provinces in China's administrative structure and is one of the Four Great Ancient Capitals of China. Beijing Municipality borders Hebei Province to the north, west, south, and for a small section in the east, and Tianjin Municipality to the southeast.
Beijing is China's second largest city, after Shanghai. It is a major transportation hub, with dozens of railways, roads and motorways passing through the city. It is also the focal point of many international flights to China. Beijing is recognised as the political, educational, and cultural center of the People's Republic of China, while Shanghai and Hong Kong predominate in economic fields. The city will host the 2008 Summer Olympics. ([tɕ] is represented in pinyin as j, as in Bei jing). It is still used in many languages (as in French ( Pékin), Italian ( Pechino), Spanish ( Pekín), Portuguese ( Pequim), Lithuanian ( Pekinas), Bulgarian, Russian, Serbian, Dutch, German, Hungarian, Czech, and Polish).
The city has been renamed several times. During the Jin Dynasty, the city was known as Zhongdu , and then later under the Mongol Yuan Dynasty as Dadu in Chinese, and Khanbaliq in Mongolian (recorded as Cambuluc by Marco Polo). After the reconquest of the city by the Ming it was known as Shuntian ("obedient to Heaven").
Twice in the city's history, the name was changed from "Beijing" (Peking) to Peiping (Beiping) ( Pinyin: Beiping; Wade-Giles: Pei-p'ing), literally "Northern Peace". This occurred first under the Hongwu Emperor of the Ming Dynasty, and again in 1928 with the Kuomintang (KMT) government of the Republic of China.. There were cities in the vicinities of Beijing by the 1st millennium BC, and the capital of the State of Yan, one of the powers of the Warring States Period (473-221 BC), Ji (薊/蓟), was established in present-day Beijing.
After the fall of the Yan, the subsequent Qin, Han, and Jin dynasties set-up local prefectures in the area. In preparation for the conquest of all of China, Yuan (Mongol) Dynasty founder Kublai Khan made this his capital as Dadu (大都, Chinese for "great capital")
The Forbidden City was constructed soon after that (1406-1420), followed by the Temple of Heaven (1420), and numerous other construction projects. Tiananmen, which has become a state symbol of the People's Republic of China and is featured on its emblem, was burned down twice during the Ming Dynasty and the final reconstruction was carried out in 1651.
After the Manchus overthrew the Ming Dynasty and established the Qing Dynasty in its place, Beijing remained China's capital throughout the Qing period. Just like during the preceding dynasty, Beijing was also known as Jingshi, which corresponded to the Manchu Gemun Hecen with the same meaning. It was the scene of the siege of the foreign legations during the Boxer Rebellion in the 1900.
Republican era
The Xinhai Revolution of 1911, aimed at replacing Qing rule with a republic, originally intended to establish its capital at Nanjing. After high-ranking Qing official Yuan Shikai forced the abdication of the Qing emperor in Beijing and ensured the success of the revolution, the revolutionaries in Nanjing accepted that Yuan should be the president of the new Republic of China, and that the capital should remain at Beijing.
Yuan gradually consolidated power, culminating in his declaration of a Chinese Empire in late 1915 with himself as emperor. The move was highly unpopular, and Yuan himself died less than a year later, ending his brief reign. China then fell under the control of regional warlords, and the most powerful factions fought frequent wars (the Zhili-Anhui War, the First Zhili-Fengtian War, and the Second Zhili-Fengtian War) to take control of the capital at Beijing.
Following the success of the Kuomintang (KMT)'s Northern Expedition which pacified the warlords of the north, Nanjing was officially made the capital of the Republic of China in 1928, and Beijing was renamed Beiping ( Peip'ing) (北平) on June 28 that year, in English meaning "northern peace" or "north pacified". Annual precipitation is over 600 mm, with 75% of that in summer.
Pollution
Air pollution levels on an average day in Beijing are nearly five times above World Health Organization standards for safety. China's extremely inefficient use of coal - the country's main source of energy - results in much of the pollution. Despite promises to stage a green 2008 Summer Olympics, Bejing has had persistent air pollution - thus city officials are planning to reduce its motor traffic by half during the Games to improve air quality. In February 2008, the Chinese government announced that it would close 144 gas stations in Beijing, which amounts to about 10% of such stations in the city, to improve air quality in preparation for the Olympics.
Since 2001, when Beijing won the right to hold the Olympics, nearly $17 billion has been spent to clean the air, but the city remains under smoggy conditions on many days and athletes frequently complain about the air quality.
Dust storm
Dust from erosion of deserts in northern and northwestern China result in seasonal dust storms that plague the city; the Beijing Weather Modification Office sometimes artificially induces rainfall to fight such storms and mitigate their effects. In the first four months of 2006 alone, there were no fewer than eight such storms. In April 2002, one dust storm alone dumped nearly 50,000 tons of dust onto the city before moving on to Japan and Korea.
City layout
Layout Map
Neighbourhoods
Towns
Towns within Beijing Municipality but outside the urban area include (but are not limited to):
Changping
Huairou
Miyun
Liangxiang
Liulimiao
Tongzhou
Yizhuang
Xiaotangshan
Subdivisions
Beijing Municipality comprises 18 administrative sub-divisions, county-level units governed directly by the municipality (second-level divisions). Of these, 16 are districts and 2 are counties. The urban and suburban areas of the city are divided into eight (8) districts:
| District |
Population (2000 census) |
Area (km²) |
Density (per km²) |
Pinggu District (: Pínggǔ Qū)
Pinggu County until 2001 |
397,000 |
1,075.0 |
369 |
Huairou District (: Huáiróu Qū)
Huairou County until 2001 |
296,000 |
2,557.3 |
116 |
| Miyun County (: Mìyún Xiàn) |
420,000 |
2,335.6 |
180 |
| Yanqing County (: Yánqìng Xiàn) |
275,000 |
1,980.0 |
139 |
| Peripheral areas |
1.39 million |
7,947.9 |
175 |
Beijing's 18 districts and counties are further subdivided into 273 lower (third)-level administrative units at the township level: 119 towns, 24 townships, 5 ethnic townships and 125 subdistricts.
Politics
The Politics of Beijing is structured in a dual party-government system like all other governing institutions in the mainland China.
The Mayor of Beijing is the highest ranking official in the People's Government of Beijing. Since Beijing is a centrally administered municipality, the mayor occupies the same level in the order of precedence as provincial governors. However, in the city's dual party-government governing system, the mayor has less power than the Beijing Communist Party of China Municipal Committee Secretary.
Economy
In 2006, Beijing's nominal GDP was 772.03 billion RMB (about 97 billion USD), a year-on-year growth of 12% from the previous year. Its GDP per capita was 49,505 RMB, an increase of 8.8% from the previous year and more than twice as much as in 2000. In 2005, Beijing's primary, secondary, and tertiary industries were worth 9.77 billion RMB, 210.05 billion RMB, and 461.63 billion RMB. In 2006, Urban disposable income per capita was 19,978 yuan, a real increase of 12.9% from the previous year. Per capita pure income of rural residents was 8,620 RMB, a real increase of 9.6%. Per capita disposable income of the 20% low-income residents increased 16.7%, 11.4 percentage points higher than the growth rate of the 20% high-income residents. The Engel's coefficient of Beijing's urban residents reached 31.8% in 2005 and that of the rural residents was 32.8%, declining 4.5 percentage points and 3.9 percentage points, respectively, compared with 2000.
Beijing's real estate and automobile sectors have continued to bloom in recent years. In 2005, a total of 28.032 million square metres of housing real estate was sold, for a total of 175.88 billion RMB. The total number of cars registered in Beijing in 2004 was 2,146,000, of which 1,540,000 were privately-owned (a year-on-year increase of 18.7%).
The Beijing CBD, centred at the Guomao area, has been identified as the city's new central business district, and is home to a variety of corporate regional headquarters, shopping precincts, and high-end housing. The Beijing Financial Street, in the Fuxingmen and Fuchengmen area, is a traditional financial centre. The Wangfujing and Xidan areas are major shopping districts. Zhongguancun, dubbed "China's Silicon Valley", continues to be a major centre in electronics- and computer-related industries, as well as pharmaceuticals-related research. Meanwhile, Yizhuang, located to the southeast of the urban area, is becoming a new centre in pharmaceuticals, IT, and materials engineering. Urban Beijing is also known for being a centre of pirated goods and anything from the latest designer clothing to the latest DVDs can be found in markets all over the city, often marketed to expatriates and international visitors. It is also a world leader in the production and distribution of melamine and melamine-related compounds.
Major industrial areas include Shijingshan, located on the western outskirts of the city. Agriculture is carried out outside the urban area of Beijing, with wheat and maize (corn) being the main crops. Vegetables are also grown in the regions closer to the urban area in order to supply the city.
Beijing is increasingly becoming known for its innovative entrepreneurs and high-growth start-ups. This culture is backed by a large community of both Chinese and foreign venture capital firms, such as Sequoia Capital, whose head office in China resides in Chaoyang, Beijing. Though Shanghai is seen as the economic centre of China, this is typically based on the numerous large corporations based there, rather than as a centre for Chinese entrepreneurship.
The development of Beijing continues to proceed at a rapid pace, and the vast expansion of Beijing has created a multitude of problems for the city. Beijing is known for its smog as well as the frequent "power-saving" programmes instituted by the government. Citizens of Beijing as well as tourists frequently complain about the quality of the water supply and the cost of the basic services such as electricity and natural gas. The major industrial areas outside of Beijing were ordered to clean their operations or leave the Beijing area in an effort to alleviate the smog that covers the city. Most factories, unable to update, have moved and relocated to other cities such as Xi'an, China.
Beijing also holds the record for the largest settlement based in the eastern and northern hemispere reaching over 3 million people.
Demographics
The population of Beijing Municipality, defined as the total number of people who reside in Beijing for 6 months or more per year, was 17.43 million in 2007. 12.03 million people in Beijing Municipality had Beijing hukou (permanent residence) and the remainder were on temporary residence permits. In addition, there's a large but unknown number of migrant workers (min gong) who live illegally in Beijing without any official residence permit (or unregistered people). The population of Beijing's urban core (city proper) is around 7.5 million.
Over 95% of Beijing's residents belong to the Han Chinese majority. Other major ethnic minorities include the Manchu, Hui, and Mongol, etc. A Tibetan high school exists for youth of Tibetan ancestry, nearly all of whom have come to Beijing from Tibet expressly for their studies.
A sizable international community exists in Beijing, mostly attracted by the highly growing foreign business and trade sector, and many live in the Beijing urban area's densely populated northern, northeastern and eastern sections. In recent years there has also been an influx of South Koreans who live in Beijing predominantly for business and study purpose. Many of them live in the Wangjing and Wudaokou areas.
Excludes members of the People's Liberation Army in active service.
Architecture
Three styles of architecture predominate in urban Beijing. First, the traditional architecture of imperial China, perhaps best exemplified by the massive Tian'anmen (Gate of Heavenly Peace), which remains the PRC's trademark edifice, the Forbidden City, and the Temple of Heaven. Next there's what is sometimes referred to as the "Sino-Sov" style, built between the 1950s and the 1970s, which tend to be boxy, bland, and poorly made. Finally, there are much more modern architectural forms — most noticeably in the area of the Beijing CBD. Pictured below are some images of Beijing architecture — blending the old and the new.
Image:Taimiao.jpg|Beijing's Taimiao
Image:70s_Architecture_Beijing.jpg|The boxy look of buildings built in the 1970s
Image:Architecture_Beijing_Modern.jpg|The very modern contrast
Image:Old_Roof_Architecture_Beijing.jpg|Details of traditional architecture
Image:BeijingArchitectureCombo70s90s.jpg|A mix of 70s and 90s styles
Image:Blend Architecture Beijing.jpg|Mix and match of the old and the new
Image:TianGuard.jpg|The Tian'anmen
Image:Wangfujing.jpg|Wangfujing, a major commercial street
A mixture of both old and new styles of architecture can be seen at the 798 Art Zone, which mixes 1950s-design with a blend of the new. The influence of American urban form and social values in manifest in the creation of Orange County, China, a suburban development about one hour north of the city.
Culture
People native to urban Beijing speak the Beijing dialect, which belongs to the Mandarin subdivision of spoken Chinese. Beijing dialect is the basis for Standard Mandarin, the language used in the People's Republic of China, the Republic of China on Taiwan, and Singapore. Rural areas of Beijing Municipality have their own dialects akin to those of Hebei province, which surrounds Beijing Municipality.
Beijing Opera, or Peking Opera (Jingju京剧), is well-known throughout the national capital. Commonly lauded as one of the highest achievements of Chinese culture, Beijing Opera is performed through a combination of song, spoken dialogue, and codified action sequences, such as gestures, movement, fighting and acrobatics. Much of Beijing Opera is carried out in an archaic stage dialect quite different from modern Standard Mandarin and from the Beijing dialect; this makes the dialogue somewhat hard to understand, and the problem is compounded if one isn't familiar with Chinese. As a result, modern theaters often have electronic titles in Chinese and English.
Siheyuans line Hutongs, or alleys, which connect the interior of Beijing's old city. They are usually straight and run east to west so that doorways can face north and south for Feng Shui reasons. They vary in width — some are very narrow, enough for only a few pedestrians to pass through at a time.
Once ubiquitous in Beijing, siheyuans and hutongs are now rapidly disappearing, as entire city blocks of hutongs are leveled and replaced with high-rise buildings. Residents of the hutongs are entitled to apartments in the new buildings of at least the same size as their former residences. Many complain, however, that the traditional sense of community and street life of the hutongs can't be replaced. Some particularly historic or picturesque hutongs are being preserved and restored by the government, especially for the 2008 Olympics. One such example can be seen at Nanchizi.
Mandarin cuisine is the local style of cooking in Beijing. Peking Roast Duck is perhaps the most well-known dish. The Manhan Quanxi ("Manchu-Han Chinese full banquet") is a traditional banquet originally intended for the ethnic-Manchu emperors of the Qing Dynasty; it remains very prestigious and expensive.
Teahouses are also common in Beijing. Chinese tea comes in many varieties and some rather expensive types of Chinese tea are said to cure an ailing body extraordinarily well.
The cloisonné (or Jingtailan) metalworking technique and tradition is a specialty of Beijing's cultural art, and is one of the most revered traditional crafts in China. Beijing lacquerware is well known for the patterns and images carved into its surface.
The Fuling Jiabing is a traditional Beijing snack food, a pancake (bing) resembling a flat disk with filling, made from fu ling (Poria cocos (Schw.) Wolf, or "tuckahoe"), an ingredient common in traditional Chinese medicine.
Transportation
With the growth of the city following economic reforms, Beijing has evolved as an important transportation hub. Encircling the city are five ring roads, nine expressways and city express routes, eleven China National Highways, several railway routes, and an international airport.
Rail
Beijing has two major railway stations: Beijing Railway Station (or the central station) and Beijing West Railway Station. Three other railway stations in Metropolitan Beijing handle regular passenger traffic: Beijing East, Beijing North, and Fengtai. There are also several other small stations serving suburban area.
As of August 1 2006, Beijing Railway Station has 167 trains stopping daily, while Beijing West Railway Station has 176 trains.
Beijing is a railway hub. There are railway lines from Beijing to Guangzhou, Shanghai, Harbin, Baotou, Taiyuan, Chengde and Qinhuangdao. Direct trains to Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR also depart from Beijing.
International trains, including lines to cities in Russia and Pyongyang, North Korea (DPRK), all run through Beijing.
Construction on a Beijing-Tianjin high-speed rail began on July 4 2005, and is scheduled to be completed in 2007.
Roads and expressways » See: Ring Roads of Beijing, Expressways of Beijing and China National Highways of Beijing for more related information.
Beijing is connected via road links from all parts of China. Nine expressways of China (with six wholly new expressways under projection or construction) connect with Beijing, as do eleven China National Highways. Within Beijing itself, an elaborate network of five ring roads has developed, but they appear more rectangular than ring-shaped. Roads in Beijing often are in one of the four compass directions (unlike, for example, Tianjin).
One of the biggest concerns with traffic in Beijing deals with its apparently ubiquitous traffic jams. Traffic in the city centre is often gridlocked, especially around rush hour. Even outside of rush hour, several roads still remain clogged up with traffic. Urban area ring roads and major through routes, especially near the Chang'an Avenue area, are often clogged up during rush hour.
Recently expressways have been extended (in some cases reconstructed as express routes) into the territories within the 3rd Ring Road. As they're either expressways or express routes, drivers don't need to pass through intersections with traffic lights. This may finally solve the difficulties in "hopping between one ring and another".
Another problem is that public transportation is underdeveloped (the subway system is presently minimal) and that even buses are jam-packed with people around rush hour. Beijing's urban design layout further complicates the situation of the transportation system. Compounding the problem is patchy enforcement of traffic regulations, and road rage. Beijing authorities claim that traffic jams may be a thing of a past come the 2008 Olympics. The authorities have introduced several bus lanes where, during rush hour, all vehicles except for public buses must keep clear.
Chang'an Avenue runs east-west through the centre of Beijing, past Tian'anmen. It is a major through route and is often called the "First Street in China" by authorities.
Air
Beijing's main airport is the Beijing Capital International Airport (PEK) near Shunyi, which is about 20 km northeast of Beijing city centre. Most domestic and nearly all international flights arrive and depart at Capital Airport. Capital Airport is the main hub for Air China. It is linked to central Beijing by the Airport Expressway and is a roughly 40-minute drive from the city centre during good traffic hours. In preparation for the 2008 Olympics, another expressway is being built to the Airport, as well as a lightrail system.
Other airports in the city include Beijing Liangxiang Airport, Beijing Nanyuan Airport, Beijing Xijiao Airport, Beijing Shahe Airport and Beijing Badaling Airport. However, these are primarily for military use and less well-known to the public.
Public transit
The evolving Beijing Subway has five lines (two above ground, three underground), with several more being built in preparation for the 2008 Summer Olympics. There were 599 bus and trolleybus routes in Beijing as of 2004. (External Link)
Beijing has simplified its bus fare system from Jan 1 2007 as follows:
Pay by cash:
Lines 1-199 (Mainly operated in inner city) 1 Yuan (USD$ 14 Cents, EUR 10 Cents) per single journey.
Lines 200-299 (Night services): 2 Yuan per journey.
Lines 300-899 (Mainly operated in outer city / suburb): 1 Yuan for the first 12 km and another 0.5 yuan for each additional 5 km.
Lines 900-999 (Mainly operated from city center to rural area): 1 Yuan per 10 km.
Pay by prepaid Yikatong smartcard:
Lines 1-499: 0.4 Yuan (USD$ 5 cents, EUR 4 Cents) per single journey.
Lines 500-899: 0.4 Yuan for the first 12 km and another 0.2 Yuan for each additional 5 km.
Lines 900-999: 0.8 Yuan per 10 km.
3-day, 7-day and 14-day bus passes are available for travellers.
Surcharges of air-conditioned buses have been cancelled.
Since October, Subway tickets cost only 2 Yuan. No matter where you get on and where you get down. There is no discount for smartcard users.
Taxis are nearly ubiquitous, including a large number of unregistered taxis. As of June 30 2006 all fares on legal taxis start at 10 Renminbi for the first 3 km (idling time is also a factor), and are 2.00 Renminbi per extra kilometer. Most taxis are a mixed fleet of new Hyundai Elantra and Sonata, Peugeot Citroen(older models) and Volkswagen Jetta cars(mostly older models). After 15 km, the base fare is increased by 50% (but only applied to the portion of the distance over 15 km, so that the passenger isn't retroactively charged extra for the first 15 km). Between 11pm and 6am, the fee is increased by 20%, starting at 11 RMB and increasing at a rate of 2.4 RMB per km. Rides over 15 km and between 11pm and 6am apply both charges, for a total increase of 80% (120%*150%=180%).
Education
Beijing is home to a great number of colleges and universities, including several well-regarded universities of international stature. Particularly of note are China's two most prestigious institutions, Peking University, and Tsinghua University.
Owing to Beijing's status as the political and cultural capital of China, a larger proportion of tertiary-level institutions are concentrated here than any other city in China, reaching at least 59 in number. Many international students from Japan, Korea, North America, Europe, Southeast Asia, and elsewhere come to Beijing to study every year. The institutions listed here are administered by China's Ministry of Education.
Peking University (founded in 1898), also University of Beijing, which is regarded as the best university in humanities, natural sciences, business and law in China.
Tsinghua University (founded in 1911), which is often regarded as the best university in applied sciences and engineering in China.
Renmin University of China (founded in 1937), which is known for its law school, social sciences and humanities.
Beijing Normal University (founded 1902)
Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics (Beihang University) (founded in 1952)
Beijing Institute of Technology
Beijing Foreign Studies University
Central University of Finance and Economics
Beijing Forestry University
Beijing Language and Culture University
Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications
Communication University of China
Beijing Jiaotong University
Beijing Film Academy
Beijing University of Chemical Technology
Beijing University of Chinese Medicine
Beijing University of Petroleum
Beijing University of Technology
Capital Normal University
Central Academy of Drama
Central Academy of Fine Arts
Central Conservatory of Music
Central University for Nationalities
China Agricultural University
China Conservatory of Music
China University of Political Science and Law
North China Electric Power University
University of International Business and Economics
University of International Relations
University of Science and Technology Beijing
Media
Television and radio
Beijing Television (BTV) broadcasts on numbered channels 1 through 10. Unlike China Central Television (CCTV), there's at present no exclusive English-language TV channel on a citywide level in Beijing.
Three radio stations feature programmes in English: Hit FM on FM 88.7, Easy FM by China Radio International (CRI) on FM 91.5, and the newly launched Radio 774 on AM 774.
Other Beijing Radio Stations are listed as follows:
Beijing Radio Stations>
| Frequency/Internet |
Description |
| Xinwen - Internet Streaming |
News |
| Gudian - Internet Streaming |
Classical Music |
| Jingji - Internet Streaming |
City Management |
| Tongsu - Internet Streaming |
Popular Music |
| Jiaotong - Internet Streaming |
Traffic |
| Jiaoxue - Internet Streaming |
School Radio |
| Wenyi - Internet Streaming |
Chinese Literature Broadcast |
| Wuexueyingshi - Internet Streaming |
Chinese Movie Broadcast |
| Tiyu - Internet Streaming |
Sports Broadcast |
| Xiquzongyi - Internet Streaming |
Drama Broadcast |
| Yinyue - Internet Streaming/97.4 FM |
Music |
| Yazhouliuxing - Internet Streaming |
Asian Broadcast |
| Shenghuo - Internet Streaming |
Beijing City Life Broadcast |
| Qingyinyue - Internet Streaming |
Light Music Broadcast |
| Waiyu - Internet Streaming |
Foreign Broadcast |
| DAB - Internet Streaming |
DAB Broadcast |
| Qingmeng - Internet Streaming |
Blue Network Broadcast |
Press
The well-known Beijing Evening News (Beijing Wanbao) newspaper is distributed every afternoon, covering news about Beijing in Chinese. Other newspapers include The Beijing News (Xin Jing Bao), the Beijing Star Daily, the Beijing Morning News, the Beijing Youth Daily (Beijing Qingnian Bao), as well as English-language weeklies Beijing Weekend and Beijing Today (the English-language edition of Youth Daily). People's Daily and China Daily (English) are also published in Beijing.
Nationally-circulated Chinese newspapers are also available in Beijing.
Publications primarily aimed at international visitors and the expatriate community include the English-language periodicals City Weekend, Beijing This Month, Beijing Talk, that's Beijing and MetroZine.
Rolling Stone Magazine will base its China version's editorial staff in Beijing.
The international press, including English- and Japanese-language newspapers and magazines, are available in major international hotels and Friendship stores, and content often appears complete.
Sports
Beijing will host the 2008 Summer Olympics and the 2008 Summer Paralympics. According to author Mike Davis in his book Planet of Slums, which details urban population growth and the urban poor in developing nations, Beijing removed and relocated 350,000 people for the construction of the stadium that will house the Olympics.
Professional sports teams based in Beijing include:
Chinese Football Association Super League
Chinese Football Association Jia League
Chinese Basketball Association
Women's Chinese Basketball Association
Asia League Ice Hockey
China Baseball League
The Beijing Aoshen Olympians of the ABA, formerly a CBA team, kept their name and maintained a roster of primarily Chinese players after moving to Maywood, California in 2005.
City and regional partnerships
Beijing maintains partnerships or "sister city" status with the following international locations. (Note: some locations are provinces or regional-level units, not cities properly. Beijing itself isn't technically a city, being a Chinese municipality).
| Tokyo, Japan (March 14, 1979)
New York City, USA (February 25, 1980)
Belgrade, Serbia (October 14, 1980)
Lima, Peru (November 21, 1983)
Washington D.C., USA (May 15, 1984)
Madrid, Spain (September 16, 1985)
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (November 24, 1986)
Ile-de-France (Paris), France (July 2, 1987)
Köln, Germany (September 14, 1987)
Ankara, Turkey (June 20, 1990)
Cairo, Egypt (November 28, 1990)
Jakarta, Indonesia (August 4, 1992)
|
Islamabad, Pakistan (November 8, 1992)
Bangkok, Thailand (May 26, 1993)
Buenos Aires, Argentina (July 13, 1993)
Seoul, South Korea (October 23, 1993)
Kiev, Ukraine (December 13, 1993)
Berlin, Germany (April 5, 1994)
Brussels, Belgium (September 22, 1994)
Hanoi, Vietnam (October 6, 1994)
Amsterdam, Netherlands (October 29, 1994)
Moscow, Russia (May 16, 1995)
Paris, France (October 23, 1997)
Rome, Italy (May 28, 1998)
|
Gauteng, South Africa (December 6, 1998)
Bucharest, Romania (June 21, 2005)
Havana, Cuba (September 4, 2005)
Manila, Philippines (November 14, 2005)
London, United Kingdom (April 10, 2006)
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (April 17, 2006)
Wellington, New Zealand (May 10, 2006)
Helsinki, Finland (July 14, 2006)
Astana, Kazakhstan (November 16, 2006)
Tel Aviv, Israel (November 21, 2006)
Santiago, Chile (August 7, 2007)
Lisbon, Portugal (October 22, 2007)
|
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